Summary of Combined and Major Amphibious Operations
This list is not a complete list all operations planned or executed. Rather it is intended to show the diversity of the operations that had to be dealt with throughout the war.
Abercromby - 18/19 April 42, aborted due to weather.
Acid Drop - small reconnaissance, total of 50 men. 30/31 August 41.
Acrostic - abandoned because of mines in sea lanes.
Agreement -
Alloy - seizure of Azores.
Ambassador - raid on Guernsey (Channel island) 14/15 July 40.
Anklet - raid on Lofoten Islands, Norway.
Archery - raid on Vaagso, Norway. This was the first true Combined Operations assault in which the navy provided fire support, and air force ground support. Previous to this the navy provided transportation, and the air force fought the Luftwaffe.
Armstrong - combined parachute and commando assault against coastal battery.
Astrakhan - Special Boat Squadron raid at Calais.
Audacity - ten hour raid by 2,000 troops against Norway. Cancelled by arrival of Tirpitz in Norway.
Barbaric - small raid of 220 commandos, cancelled by Churchill.
Biting - raid against radar station at Bruneval, France, included parachutists.
Blazing - planned capture of Alderney (Channel Island) involving 2100+ troops and tanks. Cancelled because of risk to bombers.
Bludgeon - planned raid on Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Bristle-
Brisk - seizure of Azores.
Canter - March 42. cancelled due to lack of shipping.
Challenger - occupation of Ceuta.
Chariot - raid on St. Nazaire. One of the most spectacular raids of the war. Considered a success despite heavy losses.
Chess - raid of 16 men against Ambleteuse. 27/28 July 41.
Chopper -
Church - brigade size raid on Petsamo.
Claymore - raid on Lofoten Islands, Norway, successfully carried out.
Collar - first commando raid. 24/25 June 40.
Counterpoise - occupation of Ceuta.
Curlew - raid on St. Laurent, 15 men. Regular army instead of commandos were used on this raid. 10/11 January 42.
Foretop - raid against U-boat bases. Corps sized. Cancelled because it was beyond range of fighter support.
Foxrock - planned operation against St. Valery-sur-Somme, aborted due to loss of surprise. 1/2 June 42.
Gabriel - planned raid against Cherbourg Peninsula.
Imperator - four division landing, objective Paris. Scheduled to take place after success of Rutter.
Influx - occupation of Sicily.
Irrigate -
Jubilee - 18/19 August 42. Two reinforced brigades against Dieppe. Heavy casualties and failure to take objectives.
JV - Special Boat Squadron raid.
Kitbag - raid on Floro, Norway, aborted.
Mandibles - seizure of Dodecanese.
Menace - capture of Dakar. Attempted and failed.
Myrmidon - raid against Bayonne, failed.
National - planned raid of 3,000+ troops and tanks. Cancelled.
Pilgrim - capture of Canaries. Division size.
Pipeline -
Puma - capture of Canaries. Division size.
Ransack - brigade size raid. Cancelled because of lack of adequate landing craft.
Rutter - raid against Dieppe. Cancelled because of weather and replaced by Jubilee.
Scipio - capture of Dakar.
Shrapnel - seizure of Cape Verde.
Sledgehammer - sacrificial landing to sustain Russian war effort. Up to nine divisions, including two American. Refused by the British as too costly.
Sunstar -
Susan - amphibious landing in North Africa.
Syncopation - planned raid to capture prisoners. Cancelled because target was too close to Sledgehammer targets.
Threat - amphibious landing in Morocco.
Tomato - raid on Channel Islands.
Workshop - seizure of Pantelleria.
II. Major Amphibious Operations
Torch - Landings in North Africa by American army and 1st British Army. Resulted in clearing of North Africa with British 8th Army. Good study of what happens to inexperienced and inadequately trained troops in an amphibious landing.
Husky - Landings on Sicily, resulted in capture of Sicily.
Avalanche - Landing at Salerno by army under General Mark Clark. Met up with 8th Army. Good case study of German ability to defend against larger numbers.
Overlord - Better known as D-Day, landings on Normandy coast, opening of second front.
Tarawa - recapture of Tarawa atoll by U.S. Marines. Good comparative study because of size of forces involved.
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