Cronologia "americana" 1960 Janeiro - Bob Dylan, com 19 anos, toca no "Café Wha" em Greenwich Village e visita Woody Guthrie no Hospital Jan. - Manifestações pelos Direitos Civis em Atlanta Jul. - Teste médico de Sidney Cohen em 5 mil indivíduos conclui que LSD "é seguro". Ago. 9 - Timothy Leary, de 39 anos, experimenta cogumelos psilocybin em Cuernavaca Nov.  - JFK é eleito presidente. Nov.  - Eisenhower alerta os americanos para o "Complexo Militar-Industrial" e o seu poder. Nov. 9 - Brian Epstein encontra-se pela primeira vez com os Beatles. Dez  - As pílulas contraceptivas começam a ser vendidas nos EUA. 1961 Fev. 1 - Quatro estudantes negros presos num lanche "reservado a brancos" em Greensboro, Carolina do Sul Fev. 18 - Bertrand Russell, de 89 anos, dirige uma marcha de 20 mil pessoas contra o nuclear na Grã Bretanha e é preso por 7 dias Abr. 11 - Primeiro espectáculo pago de Bob Dylan no Gerde's Folk City Abr. 12 - Yuri Gagarin - 1º homem no espaço Maio 28 - Fundação da Amnistia Internacional Jul. 19 - Primeira transmissão ao vivo de televisão através do Atlântico (Telstar) Ago. 13 - Inicio da construção do Muro de Berlim Set. 15 - EUA iniciam testes nucleares subterrâneos Out. 6 - Presidente Kennedy aconselha os americanos a construir abrigos anti-nucleares 1962 Set. - Timothy Leary funda a "International Foundation for Internal Freedom" (IFIF) para promover a investigação do LSD; publica "The Psychedelic Review". Out. 22 - Crise dos Misseis em Cuba; Kenedy determina bloqueio naval da ilha 1963 Jan. - Wallace faz o discurso "Segregação para Sempre" na tomada de posse como Governador do Alabama Jun. 11 - JFK propõe Lei dos Direios Civis Jun. 12 - Lider dos Direitos Civis, Medgar Evers, assassinado. Jul. - Newport Folk Festival, Julho 26-28, inclui Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs e Pete Seeger Ago. 28 - Martin Luther King faz o discurso "I Have a Dream" na marcha pelos Direitos Civis de Maço de 1963, perante 20 mil Out. 13 - Beatles na TV no London Palladium; audiência de 15 milhões para ouvir "She Loves You" e "Twist and Shout". Nov. 22 - JFK assassinado em Dallas, Texas; LBJ toma posse Nov. 22 - Aldous Huxley morre por tomar LSD (intencionalmente!) Nov. 24 -  LBJ promove escalada na Guerra do Vietname 1964 Fev. 9 - Os Beatles aparecem no Ed Sullivan Show (EUA), 74 milhões: a maior audiência na história da televisão. Maio - Primeira visita de Bob Dylan a Inglaterra, encontra os Beatles e os Rolling Stones; introduz os Beatles na marijuana. Jul. 2 - LBJ assina a Lei dos Direitos Civis: serviços públicos abertos a todos Jul. 18 - Motim racial no Harlem, NY Out. 14 - Martin Luther King ganha o Prémio Nobel da Paz   1965 Fev. 8 - Início dos bombardeamentos americanos no Vietname do Norte Jul. 10 - "I Can't Get No Satisfaction" dos Rolling Stones - nº 1 Jul. 24 - "Like A Rolling Stone" de Bob Dylan sobe nas tabelas Jul. 25 - Dylan actua com grupo "eléctrico" no Newport Folk Festival Ago. 11 - Motim racial (6 dias) em Watts, 35 mortos Ago. 14 - Sonny and Cher lançam "I Got You Babe" Ago. 31 - Queimar cartões de recruta torna-se ilegal nos EUA Set. 5 - O escritor Michael Fallon de San Francisco aplica o termo "hippie" à contra-cultura de S. Francisco num artigo sobre o café Blue Unicorn. Set. 25 - "Eve of Destruction", de Barry McGuire no topo das tabelas Nov. 22 - Bob Dylan muda a residência para Woodstock, N.Y. 1966 Jan. 17 - Aviões B52 colidem e libertam 3 bombas H de 10 megatoneladas em território espanhol; nenhuma explode,  Jan. 21 - Primeiro concerto dos Grateful Dead em S. Francisco, para 10 mil pessoas. Fev. 19 - Jefferson Airplane e Big Brother e a Holding Company com Janis Joplin actuam no Fillmore Mar. 25 - Protestos contra a guerra do Vietname em NY - 25 mil na 5ª Avenida Abr. - FBI divulga documento sobre o LSD; a droga começa a receber má reputação na imprensa Abr. 7 - Laboratório Sandoz interrompe o fornecimento de LSD a investigadores Maio 15 - Manifestação anti guerra em Washington - 10 mil participantes Jul. 29 - Acidente de mota de Bob Dylan Ago. 5 - Lennon diz que os Beatles são mais populares que Jesus Set. - George Harrison vai à India durante 6 semanas estudar cítara com Ravi Shankar. Set. - Timothy Leary dá uma conferência de imprensa em NY onde anuncia a formação de uma religião psicadélica: "League for Spiritual Discovery" (LSD) com a palavra de ordem "Turn on, tune in, drop out" 1967 Fev. - Os Beatles editam Strawberry Fields Forever, Penny Lane, Michelle, Yesterday Abr. 10 - Semana do Vietname; manifestações anti-guerra e queima de cartões de recrutamento Abr. 15 - Protesto contra a guerra do Vietname. 400 mil marcham desde Central Park até à ONU; discursos de Martin Luther King, Stokely Carmichael e Dr. Benjamin Spock Maio - Paul McCartney anuncia que todos os Beatles deixaram de "tomar ácido." Maio 20 - Dia do "Flower Power" em NY Jun. 2 - Albúm "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" dos Beatles Jun. 16 - Monterey Pop Festival Jun. 25 - Beatles cantam "All You Need Is Love" na TV Jul. - "Summer of Love" em S. Francisco Jul. - Verão dos motins nos EUA; negros tomam as ruas em Chicago, Brooklyn, Cleveland e Baltimore Jul. 1 - Sgt. Pepper's atinge o nº1 Jul. 24 - 43 morrem num motim em Detroit Jul. 29 - Doors: "Light My Fire" e Procol Harum "Whiter Shade of Pale" Ago. 26 - Jimi Hendrix: "Are You Experienced" nas tabelas Ago. 27 - Beatles na India com Maharishi são informados da morte do seu agente, Brian Epstein Out. 3 - Morre Woody Guthrie Out. 8 - Che Guevarra morto na Bolivia Out. 21 - "Diggers" exorcisam o Pentágono; 35 mil manifestantes, 647 são presos Dez. - Beatles editam "Magical Mystery Tour" Dez. - 486 mil tropas americana no Vietname; dos 15 mil mortos até esta data, 60% morreram em 1967 Dez. 8 - Otis Redding grava "Dock of the Bay" Dez. 10 - Otis Redding morre em acidente aéreo Dez. 31 - Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Paul Krassner, Dick Gregory e amigos declaram-se "Yippies" 1968 Jan. 16 - Fundada a Youth International Party (Yippies) Jan. 22 - Um B-52 com bomba H cai em Greenland Jan. 31 - Vietcongue lança a Ofensiva do Tet Mar. 16 - Masscre de My Lai; 200 a 500 camponeses vietanamitas mortos Abr. 4 - Martin Luther King assassinado em Memphis Abr. - Na semana seguinte à morte de Martin Luther King motins em 125 cidades dos EUA Abr. 23 - SDS leva os estudantes a ocupar 5 edifícios da Universidade de Colombia durante uma semana; 700 presos Abr. 29 - O musical rock "Hair" estreia na Broadway Maio. - Revolta estudantil em Paris; os estudantes ocupam as ruas Maio 10 - Início das conversações de paz para o Vietnam em Paris Jun. 14 - Dr. Benjamin Spock acusado de conspiração para promover a fuga à recruta Ago. 20 - União Soviética invade a Checoeslováquia Ago. 25-29 - Demonstrações na Convenção dos Democratas em Chicago duramente reprimidas perla polícia 1969 Fev. 11 - 200 estudantes destroiem computadores à machadada na sequência de protesto contra o racismo no George Williams College de Montreal Mar. 20 - John e Yoko vão a Gibraltar,  casam e seguem para Amsterdão para um "lie-in" (protesto na cama) de uma semana pela Paz Abr. 10 - Polícia chamada à Universidade de Harvard, 37 feridos, 200 presos Maio 15 - Hippies no parque da Universidade de Berkeley atacados pela polícia e Guarda Nacional Jul. 3 - Morre Brian Jones dos Rolling Stones Jul. 14 - Estreia do filme "Easy Rider" Jul. 20 - Homem na Lua Ago. 15 - 17 Festival de Woodstock - 500 mil presentes para 3 dias de música e paz Ago. 24 - Estreia do filme "Alice's Restaurant" com Arlo Guthrie Out. 8-11 - The Weatherman - "Days of Rage" Out. 21 - Morre Jack Kerouac, autor beat de "On the Road". Nov. 15 - Mais de 500 mil marcham em Washington pela paz. Maior manifestação anti-guerra dos EUA. Oradores: McCarthy, McGovern, Coretta King, Dick Gregory, Leonard Bernstein. Cantores: Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Peter, Paul, & Mary, John Denver, Mitch Miller, actores do musical Hair Nov. 20 - Uso de DDT banido das áreas residenciais Dez. 24 - Violência no concerto dos Rolling Stones em "Altamont", um espectador morto 1970 Abr. 7 - Referindo-se aos protestos estudantis, o governador da Califórnia, Ronald Reagan, afirma: "Se for necessário um banho de sangue, vamos a isso." Abr. 10 - Paul McCartney anuncia o fim dos Beatles Maio 4 - 4 estudantes mortos pela Guarda Nacional na Universidade de Kent State, Ohio Maio 14 - Police faz dois mortos durante manifestações estudantis em Jackson State Set. 18 - Jimi Hendrix morre com 27 anos Out. 4 - Janis Joplin morre 1971 Abr. 19 - Mais de mil veteranos de guerra manifestam-se em Washington contra a Guerra do Vietname, atirando as medalhas sobre a vedação do Capitólio Jul. 3 - Jim Morrison dos Doors morre em Paris Nov. - Inicia-se a retirada de tropas americanas do Vietname. Dez. - Fundação do Greenpeace em Vancouver, Canada 1972 Mar. 30 - Vietname do Norte lança ataque massivo. EUA retomam os bombardeamentos Maio 15 - Governador George Wallace atingido a tiro durante a campanha para as primárias em Maryland 1973 Jan. 27 - Assinado o cessar fogo no Vietname, depois de 58 mil baixas americanas; termina o recrutamento obrigatório Mar. 29 - Saída da últimas tropas americanas do Vietname The Politics And Culture Of The 1960s Hippie Movement As the nineteen fifties turned into the early sixties, the United States remained the same patriotic, harmonious society of the previous decade; often a teen's most difficult decision was choosing what color lipstick to wear to the prom. Yet after 1963, a dramatic change slowly developed in the cultural, social, and political beliefs of America, particularly the youth. The death of President Kennedy, the new music, the quest for civil rights, the popularity of mind-altering drugs, the senselessness of the Vietnam War, and the invention of the birth control pill reacted like an imbalanced chemical equation to formulate a new American counterculture: the hippie. Contrasting with ever-dominant mainstream society, the layed back hippie nobly tried to change the world not by force, but through peace and love. Though not entirely successful, the hippie movement clearly marked the mid- to late-nineteen sixties and early seventies as a mixture of peace and brotherly love with sex, drugs, and rock and roll. The formal definition of a hippie is one who does not conform to social standards, advocating a liberal attitude and lifestyle. However, the true definition of a hippie in unclear; no interpretation could categorize every person who fits into the ambiguous category of a hippie. According to Phoebe Thompson's definition, being a hippie is a choice of philosophy. Hippies are generally antithetical to structured hierarchies, such as church, government, and social castes. The ultimate goal of the hippie movement is peace, attainable only through love and toleration of the earth and each other. Finally, a hippie needs freedom, both physical freedom to experience life and mental freeness to remain open-minded. In the view of some historians, thus, Thoreau and Ghandi were hippies, and hippies continue to exist today. Yet what unique qualities characterized the American hippies of the nineteen sixties, and how did this movement gain enough power to influence millions of teenagers? The nineteen fifties was one of America's most prosperous (and dull) decades. Conformity and nationalism swept the nation; television sitcoms reinforced old-fashioned family values; the typical teenager aspired for the all-American look and personality. Yet music had already planted the seeds of rebellion; Rock and Roll began to sweep the nation. Kids wore leather jackets, violated curfews, and considered themselves rebels, though oddly with no cause. The rebellion craze was epitomized by Marlon Brado's role in the film "The Wild One". When asked: What are you rebelling against, he responded: Whatta you got? The music of Elvis and other rock bands caused the rebellion; all the teens needed was a cause. The Vietnam War began as President Kennedy's effort to protect the free world from Communism. Kennedy, a well-liked president, received little war opposition from the people. He was young and supported free-spiritedness, open-mindedness, and equality; at his assassination in 1963 only 15,000 troops were in Vietnam. Under Lyndon Johnson the number of soldiers skyrocketed, however, reaching 500,000 in 1966. Television broadcasts from overseas became more gruesome and the deaths more tragic. The nightly news counted the dead and described compiling destruction, and many political and literary figures began to speak out publicly against keeping US troops in Vietnam. Though Johnson continually promised a swift end to the war, the Tet Offensive of 1968 finally proved otherwise. A surprise attack on American soldiers caused a significant loss of land and life; the Communists were apparently nowhere near defeat! Shiploads of American boys came too and from Vietnam, only too many of those returning home were riding in a coffin. The hippie movement germinated in San Francisco, with the Vietnam War at its core. The movement eventually spread to the East Coast as well, centralized in New York's East Village in addition to the Haight-Asbury district of San Francisco and Sunset Strip of Los Angeles. Disgusted by conformity, culture, and politics, some hippies abandoned society to live in isolated communes; by 1970 over 200 communes existed, maintaining 40,000 youths. However, many hippies also took a political stance against the war. The Vietnam War conflicted directly with the hippie belief in peace and love, so the counterculture protested the war throughout the nation. The flower children held love-ins to celebrate their rights, spoke out publicly, formed protest groups with the slogan: Hell no, we won't go!, burned flags, and tore up draft slips (858). To avoid the Vietnam draft, some pacifists took extraordinary measures. Many claimed insanity, lied about homosexuality, pretended to be physically unfit, or fled to Canada (19). Yet far too many peace-loving hippies were sent to jail for refusing the draft call, maintaining their principles and integrity (Gottlieb 55). Faced with family dejection, exile, arrest, and imprisonment, they nevertheless continued to stay firm to the opposition to that war (Tollefson 4). While the government drafted their brothers, the remaining hippies protest the war at home. Considering most hippies were under thirty, the greatest concentration of them was in colleges throughout America. Protests began in Columbia University and Berkley University, California. A demonstration against Nixon's decision to invade Cambodia led to violence at Kent State University; the National Guard killed four students. Finally, the University of Virginia, founded by America's forefather of freedom Thomas Jefferson, was raided by two hundred baton-waving policemen who arrested sixty-eight students (Thompson 66-8). The greatest expression of the hippie belief, whether pro-peace or pro-pot, was their music. Rock and roll was their voice. Led by Bob Dylan, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, and the Beatles, rock and folk music overtook the airwaves. (Manning 102) Bob Dylan used the lyrics of folk music to convey a social commentary and protest. In a civil rights march in 1963, he sang the following lyrics: How many years can some people exist Before their allowed to be free? The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind The answer is blowin' in the wind (102) Folk artists did not sing simply to sound pleasant, but more importantly to convey a message. Most song lyrics addressed the wart or the civil rights movement, and the crowd would sing along in a chorus. Existing in harmony with folk music was rock, which adopted a style known as psychedelia, or mind expansion. Rock's lyrics were less important, with the overall sound dominating as an expression of the soul. And with many band members high on marijuana or LSD, hardcore acid rock became a means of escaping the world-for both the band and the audience (102-103). The ultimate orgy of rock and folk music occurred at Woodstock in August of 1969. Located in New York State, Woodstock the concert was a three-day long event in which 400,000 people got high, had sex, and listened to some very beautiful and psychedelic music. The roster included some of the most famous rock bands on earth, as well talented amateurs looking for a start. An attendee described it as: Three days of love, peace, and rock! (Thompson 89). The concert epitomized the music and, indirectly, the hippie lifestyle of the sixties, and paved the way for the more diverse, drugged-up musical style of the early seventies. Illicit drugs were a prominent influence on hippie lifestyle and culture. By the mid-sixties, LSD and marijuana had overtaken America overnight. These hallucinogens were a social activity at least experimented with by virtually every groovy teenager in America. Numerous books were written both condemning and justifying the new drug phenomena. Drug proponents referred to Native Americans religious ceremony, spiritual and medical references in ancient texts, and Aldous Huxley's book The Doors of Perception to defend their drug use. Eventually more toxic drugs such as cocaine, heroin, barbiturates, and amphetamines followed, used for recreation and often leading to fatal consequences. Drugs became incorporated into the music industry as well; most musical artists used narcotics, often writing and performing songs while high (Harding 29, 31). The hippies' social status as nonconformist, doped-up outcasts was paralleled by their fashion and lifestyle. Devout hippies lived modestly in communes and were strict vegetarians, respecting not only human but also animal rights. Modest living also applied to clothing. Hippies in the sixties did not consider fashion important enough to spend much time on, and on the contrary tried to look bad according to society's standards. Women dressed like peasants and wore psychedelic colors; makeup and perfume were almost sinful, and clothing was loose, comfortable, and unique (Michaels 328). Bright, swirling patterns for both sexes paralleled the acid rock style of their music. Both men and women grew long, unkempt hair and the men often grew beards as well. To outsiders, the hippies seemed dirty, drugged, and disrespectful to their elders; it was exactly what they wanted (329). The hippie philosophy preached peace and toleration. Thus, they were supportive of all civil rights movements, supporting females, blacks, homosexuals, and foreigners on attaining rights and equal treatment. Hippie women wanted to be free. To relieve themselves of society's burdens, many stopped shaving their arm and leg hairs. Further women's liberation came with the invention of the birth control pill in 1960 and its perfection in 1963; women were finally sexually free. Female philosophy changed overnight; instead of waiting till marriage for intercourse, many women now making love to the first guy she saw. Dating virtually vanished; hippies had sex first and got to know each other afterwards. With increased sexual freedom and the lack of widespread sexually transmitted diseases, promiscuous sex flourished during the 1960s (Thompson 44). Having gained sexual freedom, women were now fighting for rights outside the bedroom. Betty Friedan forms The National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 to gain women the same rights as men. Courses in women studies were instated at universities, men realized (as part of the hippie movement) that women should be treated more fairly, and efforts were made, unsuccessfully, to add an amendment to the Constitution to guarantee women's equality. Though mainstream women also participated in these protests, both hippie men and women took an active role in ensuring equality for all (Buchholz 851-3). Another significant group, the black community, sought after its civil rights during the 1960s. Numerous protests, both peaceful and violent, were held by black Americans to end centuries of discrimination, branded upon them since their ancestors arrived four hundred years earlier. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X eloquently led the black protests, and most hippies enthusiastically participating in peaceful demonstrations for black civil rights (854-7). The Age of the Hippies, fortunately or unfortunately, did not last forever. In the early 1970s, somewhere between '70 and '74, the entire movement died almost as abruptly as it had begun. To many the entire hippie movement was just a fad that was no longer in. The Vietnam War, the main force driving the social revolution, was concluding; an anti-war march on Washington and San Francisco in 1971, accumulating over one million participants collectively, finally persuaded the government to end the bloodshed. A protest sign read: The Majority is Not Silent. The Government is Deaf (Manning, 177-9). Yet there were other factors. The hippies were getting too old to be hippies; almost all of the counterculture started with participants under thirty, yet those who began the movement had been in involved for ten years. These were the baby boomers, and the next generation was no nearly as large to form its own youth society. Furthermore, the music had gotten drugged-out; the performers were so stoned that their songs quickly became meaningless garble with no message. And what message was there to preach without the War? Drugs had destroyed the lives of many, and after realizing the negative effects many hippies no longer admired drugs, but feared them. Worst of all, little had been accomplished-dreams of world peace had failed. The Hippie Revolution lasted ten years with participation around the world, from the USSR to Great Britain. Yet they accomplished so little. The teens were tired of waiting (Thompson 99-107). Women shaved their legs and piled on makeup. Men traded in their long hair and love beads for a business suit. There were those who remained hippies and moved to isolated communes, but they were relatively few. Life essentially returned to the days before the Hippie Revolution. In actuality, only a minority of the youth of the sixties actually entered the counterculture, but those who did left a lasting impression upon society, and most of all themselves (108). The hippie movement of the mid-and late-nineteen sixties and the early nineteen seventies attempted to create a global society founded upon love and peace. Through nonviolent protests the hippies helped end the Vietnam War, gain black, women's, minority, and homosexual civil rights, and spread friendship and harmony around the globe. Not in vain, the era lives on through their music, their peace sign, and their memories; Woodstock was even recreated in 1994. The hippie influence is even prevalent in America's society of 1998, which still possesses a youthful counterculture of sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Bibliography Buchholz, Ted, ed. The National Experience: A History of the United States. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers: 1993 Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon. Hell No, We Won't Go! New York, Viking: 1991. Harding, Ryan. The 1960s: Politics and Pot. New York, Anchor Book: 1992. Manning, Robert. The Vietnam Experience: A Nation Divided. Boston, Boston Publishing Company: 1984. Michaels, Lisa. Making a fashion statement. Glamour Magazine (May 1998). Thompson, Phoebe. The Flower Childern. New York, Prentice Hall: 1989 Tollefson, James W. The Strength Not to Fight. Boston, Little, Brown and Company: 1993 Página Principal