INTRODUCTION
GAIN ATTENTION
PURPOSE
The purpose of this period of instruction is to provide the knowledge needed to understand how information is collected and passed on to higher headquarters.
INDIVIDUAL TRAINING STANDARDS
Ref: FMFM 1-3b, FMFM 0-11, II MEF SOTG URBN SNIPER COURSE
8541.3.7
MISSION PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Ref: FMFM 1-3b, FMFM 0-11, II MEF SOTG URBAN SNIPER COURSE
8541.1.1.18
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE
In accordance with FMFM 0-11, and without the aid of references, demonstrate a basic understanding of terminology and definitions of reconnaissance and surveillance.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. State the definitions of reconnaissance and surveillance and clandestine and overt collection.
2. Utilize the considerations in employment of reconnaissance and surveillance while planning for a reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) mission.
3. State the general functions of the Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center (SARC) and its organization.
4. State the general concept of hand off procedures of reconnaissance and surveillance assets.
METHOD AND MEDIA
This period of instruction will be taught through lecture.
TESTING
This period of instruction will be evaluated through practical application.
TRANISITION
BODY
1. Terminology and Definitions
a. Intelligence Gathering Operations
1) Provide swift, clandestine infiltration against a specific target by selected assets organic to the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Special Operations Capable (SOC).
2) Focus on gathering critical tactical or strategic intelligence information.
3) Executed by forces which have been specially trained and equipped for such missions.
4) Information gathered may be extremely time-sensitive, or may be required to support long term goals or anticipated future operations.
5) The two principle types are surveillance operations and reconnaissance operations.
b. Special Surveillance Operations
1) Systematic observation or monitoring of places, persons, or things by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means.
2) Systematic observation of a target or targeted area over a period of time.
3) Integrated into a larger collection strategy that may incorporate organic Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) and/or Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) or other sized MAGTF collection assets with fleet, theater, and national assets or systems.
4) Clandestine ground surveillance, primarily deep scouting can provide tactical commanders and higher headquarters with a critical prolonged information gathering capabilities.
5) Other capabilities; sensor implants, Human Intelligence (HUMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), and Imagery Intelligence (IMINT).
c. Special Reconnaissance Missions
1) Reconnaissance by visual observation or other detection methods, collect information relating to the activities, resources, or forces of a foreign nation; or data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area.
2) Gain specific information on a particular target, geographic area or activity and resources of an opposing force.
3) Differ from surveillance missions in that the time allowed for observation if finite.
4) Information sought is very specific, as opposed to the more general objectives of surveillance operations.
5) Technical capabilities include multi-sensor imagery, visual, acoustic, and electronic reconnaissance capabilities.
d. Clandestine Collection
1) Secret or hidden; conducted with secrecy by design. Clandestine is the preferred term as opposed to covert.
2) The acquisition of intelligence information in ways designed to ensure the secrecy of the operation.
e. Overt Collection
1) Open, done without attempt at concealment.
2) Acquisition of intelligence/information from public media, observation, government-to-government dialogue.
3) Process may be classified or unclassified.
4) Target and host governments as well as the sources involved normally are aware of the general collection activity although the specific acquisition, sites, and processes may be concealed.
2. R&S Employment Considerations.
a. Operational Environment.
1) Special operations worldwide, population centers as well as isolated area.
2) Military/political climate of the area will determine the operational environment for U.S. forces and will dictate the method of insertion, tactics, and employment.
3) Permissive (host government assistance for U.S. operations) to semi-permissive (limited assistance).
4) Non-permissive (active hostility toward U.S. forces/host government abetting terrorist activities).
5) R&S composition must be given serious and realistic considerations.
6) Supported, supporting, unilateral?
b. Insertion/Extraction
1) Overt
a) Normal conditions in an overt manner and prepared for possible follow-on mission (i.e. confirmation of existing information for possible NEO)
b) No denial of existence or identity.
c) Transportation using tactical vehicles or vehicles provided by non-organic means.
d) Uniform or civilian attire as situation dictates.
2) Clandestine
a) Assistance provided by designated elements.
b) Tourist or diplomatic passports.
c) Conducted under secrecy of identity and intent.
d) Situation and environment will dictate attire, weapons, equipment, etc.
e) Conducted with assistance.
f) Escorted to secure area directly to pre-selected R&S site in vicinity to the crisis site.
3) Tactical
a) Via land, sea or airdrop.
b) Without in-country assistance or possibly limited external support (escorts, guides, Initial Terminal Guidance [ITG], etc.)
c) Consider the inclusion of an emergency assault team.
d) Responsible for the identification and securing of R&S sites and/or secure operations sites.
4) Extraction
a) Who, what, when, where and how.
b) Emergency extraction procedures.
c) Mission abort criteria.
d) Reaction force.
e) Initiation of emergency assault procedures.
c. Time
1) Critical factor and may impose constraints on planning and other mission preparations.
2) Success is dependent on the quality and quantity of mission preparation.
d. Communications
1) Particularly critical.
2) Equipment that will work in the operating area.
3) Clear understanding of what specific information the user requires.
4) Able to weigh the user's need for specific near-real-time information against the risk of compromise.
e. Equipment.
1) Procurement of foreign or other non-organic weapons.
2) Specialized equipment such as sensor devices, electronic surveillance equipment, forced entry equipment, suppressed weapons, enhanced optical devices, and additional Tactical Satellite (TACSAT) communications equipment, etc.
f. Coordination
1) Free and open communications between all elements is absolutely essential.
2) R&S element must be able to coordinate directly to the strike unit, Air Combat Element (ACE), reaction force, etc.
3) Concept of operations for the emergency assault or deliberate assault must be briefed to the R&S unit by the strike unit.
4) Clear understanding of what specific information is required.
5) Weigh risk versus compromise.
g. Compromise Authority
1) "Authority delegated from the higher authority to the assault force commander to execute an assault if the presence of the assault force is detected."
2) Imperative that the criteria for compromise and the actions that follow are predetermined and briefed to the R&S element before insertion.
3. Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center (SARC)
a) General Functions
1) All-source collection management through collection planning, tasking of collection agencies, and supervising of the collection effort in support of the MAGTF's stated Commander's Critical Information Requirements (CCIR's) and Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR's).
2) Employment of all organic surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence/counterintelligence collection assets.
3) Maintains reconnaissance, observation, and surveillance status boards and plots.
4) Coordinates with operations in developing plans and missions for reconnaissance elements.
5) Monitors and receives reports from ongoing collection missions and disseminates information to whomever directed.
b) SARC Location
1) Dependent on the standard operational procedures of the individual MAGTF.
2) Driven by the physical limitations of the ship's spaces or the desires of the staff responsible for its employment.
c) SARC Composition
1) Normally headed by an Officer in Charge (OIC) who also acts as the Collection Manager.
2) Includes, but is not limited to representatives from the Force Imagery Interpretation Unit (FIIU), Counterintelligence/HUMINT, Interrogator Translator Team (ITT), Sensor Control and Management Platoon (SCAMP), Topographic Platoon (TOPO Platoon), Force Reconnaissance Company, Division Reconnaissance Battalion, Radio Battalion (RADBN), SEAL's, and national assets.
3) May include the Sniper Control Center (SCC)
d) Sniper Control Center
1) Distinct entity within the SARC.
2) Normally a two-person team comprised of sniper/observer personnel.
3) Coordinating entity for all sniper teams deployed around the target site under the direct control of a designated sniper coordinator.
4) Responsibility to coordinate communication and intelligence with all sniper/observer teams and the SARC coordinator.
5) Benefit of a sniper/observer team reporting directly to the SARC with near-real-time information cannot be overstated.
6) Provides information of the target site and its surrounding environment as well as where hostile and friendly personnel are located.
7) Dedicated communications net.
4. Handoff
a) Employment of the MAGTF R&S assets are intended to support follow-on forces.
b) U.S. eyes on target.
c) Specific responsibilities to satisfy CCIR's and PIR's other than the MAGTF's.
d) Remain in place to support the follow-on force.
e) Turnover of R&S responsibilities should be effected without disruption to the tactical situation.
f) Maintain emergency assault option.
g) Outgoing element commander is responsible for R&S and emergency assault until the oncoming element commander assumes responsibility.
QUESTIONS
SUMMARY
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