SPECIFICATIONS
9.1 JET FUELS SPECIFICATIONS:
No one of the current specifications of jet or turbine are trouble some except the freezing point of –76oF. In such as the freezing points of hydrocarbons are mixtures there of vary greatly depending on the symmetry of the molecules, a simple method of predicting the freezing point of jet fuels may never be available. Freezing point may be estimated from figure 1.1 with in an average accuracy of plus or minus 20oF.
Sulphur is normally well below the 0.5% specification limit, in the
percentage of aromatics, bromine number and smoke point are satisfactory
unless cracked material is in corporated in the jet fuels. Some what more
accurate predictions of freezing point may be made if jet fuels boiling
to 500, 550, 600 and 650oF are prepared by a Hemple distillation,
but if such complete information is obtained. There is little need of shortcut
evaluation method. Smoke volatility index is thought to be significant
but it has not been completely investigated. The relationship between smoke
point and characterization factor appears to be much the same (slightly
lower smoke points), but the variations are large.
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Clear, bright & free from solid matter & undissolved water at normal, ambient temp. | ||
| Density @ 15 deg C
Kg/m3 |
D – 1298 | 775 – 840 | 0.790 |
| DISTILLATION
IBP deg C 10 %v recovered deg C 20 %v recovered deg C 50 %v recovered deg C 90 %v recovered deg C End Point deg C |
D – 86 | Report Max 204 Report Report Report Max 300 |
150 162 168 185 224 240 |
| Residue %v | Max 1.5 | 1.0 | |
| Loss %v | Max 1.5 | 0.5 | |
| Flash Point deg C | IP-170 | Min 38 | 40 |
| Total Acidity mg KOH/g | D-3242 | Max 0.015 | 0.006 |
| Aromatics %v | D-1319 | Max 22 | 20 |
| Olefins %v | D-1319 | Max 5 | Nil |
| SulphurTotal %w | D-1266 | Max 0.3 | 0.002 |
| SulphurMercaptane %w
Or Doctor Test |
D-3227
D-235 |
Max .003
Negative |
0.0004
Negative |
| Freezing Point deg C | D-2386 | Max – 47 | - 50 |
| Viscosity 0-20 deg C
Cst |
D-445 | Max 8.0 | 3.2 |
| Calorific Value, net Btu/lb
Or
Aniline Gravity Prod. |
D-2382
D-611 D-1298 |
Min 18400
Min 4800 |
19400
6800 |
| Smoke.Point mm
And Naphthalenes %v |
D-1322
D-1840 |
Min 20
Max 3.0 |
24
0.8 |
| Copper Corrosion
2 hrs 100 deg C |
D-130 | Max 1 | 1a |
| Silver Corrosion
4 hrs 100 deg C |
IP-227 | Max 1 | Zero |
| Thermal Stability
(JFTOT) @ 260 deg C |
D-3241 | ||
| Filter Pressure Diff. mm Hg | Max 25 | 1 | |
| Tube Deposit Rating (visual) | < 3, No abnormal color deposit | 1 | |
| Existent Gum mg/100ml | D-381 | Max 7 | 0.5 |
| Water Reaction
Interface Rating Separation Rating |
D-1094 | Max 1b
Max 2 |
1
1 |
| Water Separometer Index Modified | D-2550 | Min 70 | 95 |
| Electrical conductivity pS/m | D-2624 | 50 – 450 | 150 |
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ADDITIVES Anti oxidant Topanol ‘AN’ mg /1 Stistatic Additive A-3 mg/1 |
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17 – 24 max 1 |
.20 0.6 |
MIL-T-5624 N AMENDMENT –2
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| Density, @ 15 deg C Kg/1 | D-1298 | 0.751 – 0.802 | 0.758 |
| API | D-1298 | 57 – 45 | 55 |
| Total Acid No mg KOH/g | D-3242 | Max 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Aromatics %v | D-1319 | Max 25 | 14 |
| Olefins %v | D-1319 | Max 5 | Nil |
| Mercaptan sulphur %w
Or Doctor test |
D-3227
D-235 |
Max 0.001
Negative |
0.0003
Negative |
| Sulphur total %w | D-1266 | Max 0.4 | 0.001 |
| DISTILLATION
IBP deg C 10 %vol recovered deg C 20 %vol recovered deg C 50 %vol recovered deg C 90 %vol recovered deg C E.P. deg C |
D – 86 | Report Report Max 145 Max 190 Max 245 Max 270 |
65 94 110 146 211 236 |
| Residue %v | Max 1.5 | 1.0 | |
| Loss %v | Max 1.5 | 1.0 | |
| Vapour pressure
@ 100 deg F psi |
D-323 | 2 – 3 | 2.5 |
| Freezing point deg C | D-2386 | Max – 58 | - 60 |
| Copper Corrosion
2hrs @ 100 deg C |
D-130 | Max 1b | 1a |
| Aniline Gravity Product
Or Net Heat of Combustion Btu/lb |
D-1405
D-240 |
Min 5,250
Min 18,400 |
7,500
19,500 |
| Existent Gum mg/100ml | D-381 | Max 7 | 0.5 |
| Particulate matter mg/1 | D-2276 | Max 1.0 | 0.8 |
| Filtration time min | MIL-T-5624 | Max 10 | 4 |
| Water reaction
Interface rating |
D-1094 | 1b | 1 |
| Hydrogen content %w
Or Smoke Point mm |
D-1018
D-1322 |
Min 13.6
Min 20 |
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29 |
| Water Separation Index Modified | D-2550 | Min 70 | 96 |
| Colour Saybolt | D –156 | Report | >+30 |
| Thermal stability:
Filter pressure Differential mm Hg Tube deposit rating |
D-3241 | Max 25
< 3 |
1
1 |
| Elect. Conductivity pS/m | D-2624 | 200 – 600 | 400 |
| ADDITIVES
Antistatic additive mg/1 Corrosion inhibitor mg/1 Anti oxidant mg/1 Fuel icing inhibitor %v |
- - - - |
Variable 11 – 20 17 – 24 0.1 – 0.15 |
1.0 15 20 - |
Injection details are as follows: -
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| Fuel Type | Kerosene | Kerosene | Wide Cut | |
| Composition | Acidity | Max 0.1 | 0.1 | 20 |
| Aromatics (vol%) | Max 20 | 20 | .003 | |
| Sulphur, mercaptan (wt%) | Max .003 | .003 | Neg | |
| Or Doctor Test | Neg | Neg | .3 | |
| Sulphur, total (wt%) | Max 0.3 | .3 | ||
| Volatility | Temp 10% Rec (C) | Max 205 | 205 | |
| Temp 20% Rec (C) | Max | 145 | ||
| Temp 50% Rec (C) | Max Report | Report | 190 | |
| Temp 90% Rec (C) | Max Report | Report | 245 | |
| Final BP (C) | Max 300 | 300 | ||
| Residue (vol%) | Max 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| Loss (vol%) | Max 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| Flash Point | Min 38 | 38 | ||
| Density (15C) Kg/M3 | 775-840 | 775-840 | 751-802 | |
| Vapor Pressure 38C (kPa) | Max | 21 | ||
| Fluidity | Freezing Point (C) | Max –40 | -47 | -50 |
| Viscosity @ 20C (mm2/S) | Max 8.0 | 8.0 | ||
| Combustion | Net Heat of Comb. (MJ/Kg) | Min 42.8 | 42.8 | 42.8 |
| Luminometer No | Min 45 | 45 | 45 | |
| Or Smoke Point (mm) | Min 25 | 25 | 25 | |
| Or Naphthalenes | Max 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| Corrosion | Copper Strip (2h @ 100C) | Max 1 | 1 | |
| Stability | JFTOT deltaP (mm Hg) | Max 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Tube Color Code | Max <3 | <3 | <3 | |
| Contaminants | Existent Gum (mg/100mL) | Max 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Water Reaction Interface | Max 1b | 1b | 1b | |
| Water Reaction Separation | Max 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Other | Conductivity (pS/m) | 50-450 | 50-450 | 50-450 |
Last Update 6 March 2000.
9.2 AVIATION GASOLINE
Physical and Content Specifications:
The density and heat of combustion of aviation gasoline
is specified. However, other specification, such as distillation range,
greatly limit any variability in these measurements. The freezing point
of the gasoline is specified to prevent the formation of solid hydrocarbons
during prolonged cold soak at altitude. The formation of solids would of
course jeopardize fuel flow and prevent full fuel availability. Avgas must
also be stable in storage and under a variety of conditions. A primary
form of deterioration is the formation of "gum" through oxidation and polymerization
of fuel molecules. These can deposit on fuel system components and cause
serious problems. Therefore gum formation is strictly limited in the specifications.
The addition of anti-oxidants is required and results in good to excellent
storage stability. The sulfur content of avgas is limited to a very small
amount. This is needed because sulfur can cause a deterioration in the
anti-knock performance of the lead additive. Sulfur also contributes to
corrosion of fuel system and engine components. Fuel corrosiveness is tested
by a cooper strip corrosion test. Avgas is also tested for water reaction.
In this test samples of fuel and water are mixed and resulting changes
are noted. This is used to detect the presence of high octane but water
soluble components such as alcohols in the fuel. These are not permitted
and can be detected by both volume change and phase separation in the test
sample.
US Military and Commercial Specifications.
| 82 | ||||
| 80/87 Av Gas | Unleaded
AvGas |
100/130
Av Gas |
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| Color | Red | Purple | Green | |
| Current | New | Current | ||
| Composition | Sulphur (wt%)MAX | .05 | .07 | .05 |
| Aromatics (vol%) MIN | 5.0 | |||
| Volatility | Dist 10% MIN | 75 C | 70 C | 75 C |
| Dist 40% MAX | 75 C | 75 C | ||
| Dist 50% MIN | 105 C | 66-1210C | 105 C | |
| Dist 90% MIN | 135 C | 190 C | 135 C | |
| End Point MAX | 170 C | 225 C | 170 C | |
| Sun of 10% & 50% | 135 | 135 | ||
| Residue (vol%) | 1.5 | 2 | 1.5 | |
| Dist Loss (vol%) | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | |
| Gravity API | Report | Report | ||
| Reid Vapor Press | 5.5 – 7.0 | 5.5 – 9.0 | 5.5 – 7.0 | |
| Fluidity | Freeze point | -60 C | -58 | -58 C |
| Combustion | Net Heat of Comb MJ/kg or Analine Gravity Product | 43.5
7,500 |
40.8 | 43.5
7,500 |
| Knock Rating, Lean | 80 | 100 | ||
| Knock Rating Rich | 87 | 130 | ||
| Corrosion | Copper Strip | Report | Report | |
| Stability | Potential Gum MAX | 6.0 | 6 | 6.0 |
| Precipitate MAX | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Contaminants | Existent Gum Max | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| Water Reaction Interface Rating MAX | 2 | 2 | ||
| Water Reaction Vol chg | 2 | 2 | ||
| Additives | Tetraethllead g/liter MAX | .14 | 1.12 |
Last up date 6 March 2000.
US Military and Commercial Specifications.
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Obsolete |
Obsolete |
Obsolete |
Obsolete |
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| Composition | Sulphur (wt%)
MAX Tetraethyl |
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| Lead max ml per gal |
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| Volatility | Dist 10% MIN |
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| Dist 50% MAX |
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| Dist 90% MIN |
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| Dist 90% MAX |
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| End Point MAX |
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| Sun of 10% & 50% |
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| Residue (vol%) |
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| Dist
Recovery (vol%) MIN |
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| Reid Vapor Press |
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| Fluidity | Freeze Point |
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| Combustion | Net Heat of Comb BTU/lb |
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| Knock Rating, Lean |
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| Knock Rating Rich |
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| Stability | Potential Gum MAX |
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| Precipitate |
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| Contaminants | Existent Gum MAX |
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Last update 6 May 2000.
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