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"AVIATION FUELS"

CONTENTS

S. No
Description
Page No
1.
 Chapter No 1

Introduction
1-10.A
1.1
 The Aviation Piston Engine
1
1.2
 The Jet Engine 
2
1.3
 Aviation Gasoline 
3
1.4
 Jet Fuels 
5
1.5
 Jet Fuel Grades 
7
2.
 Chapter No 2

History and Development 
11 – 18
2.1
 History and Development of Aviation Gasoline.
11
2.2
 History and Development of Jet Fuel
16
3.
 Chapter No 3 

Sources of Materials & Processing Techniques.
19 – 38
3.1
 Source of Materials 
19
3.2
 Crude Oil Yield 
20
3.3
 Processing Techniques 
21
4.
 Chapter No 4

Aviation Gasoline Base Stock From Conversion Process.
39 – 43
5.
 Chapter No 5 

Antiknock Materials
44 – 48
5.1
 Reasons For Knocking.
44
5.2
 Effects of Knocking 
45
5.3
 Anti Knock Materials 
45
5.4
 Advantages of High Octane Number
48
6.
 Chapter No 6

Receipt Procedures 
49 – 54
6.1
 Documentation 
49
6.2
 Receipt – General 
49
6.3
 Receipt by Single Grade Pipeline
50
6.4
 Receipt by Multi – Product Pipeline 
51
6.5
 Receipt by Ocean Tanker / Coastal Tanker / Inland Waterway Vessel Discharge 
52
6.6
 Receipt by Rail or Road Tank Car Before Discharge 
53
6.7
 Quality Control Procedures After Discharge 
54
7.
 Chapter No 7

Additives 
55 – 58
7.1
 Additives For Aviation Gasoline 
55
7.2
 Additives For Jet Fuels
57
8.
 Chapter No 8

Important Tests on Aviation Fuels 
59 – 71
8.1
 Distillation Test 
59
8.2
 Freezing Point of Aviation Fuel
61
8.3
 Flash Point Test 
63
8.4
 Estimation of Calorific Values
64
8.5
 Determination of Peroxide Number 
66
8.6
 Doctor’s Test 
68
8.7
 Smoke Point Test 
70
9.
 Chapter No 9

Specifications 
72 – 84
9.1
 Jet Fuels Specifications 
72
9.2
 Aviation Gasoline Specifications
80
10.
 Chapter No 10

Storage Procedures
85 – 88
10.1
 Routine Checks 
85
10.2
 Tank Cleaning 
86
10.3
 Change of Grade in Storage Tanks 
87
10.4
 Storage Tanks 
87
11.
 Chapter No 11

Transportation and Delivery 
89 – 95
11.1
 Product Release And Delivery To Airports 
89
11.2
 Basic Requirements For Transportation Requirement 
91
12.
 Chapter No 12

Environmental Effects 
96– 100
12.1
 Jet Fuel And Health 
96
12.2
 Aviation Gasoline And Health
99
13.
 Chapter No 13

Present And Future Perspective of Aviation Fuels In 

Pakistan
101–108
13.1
 Supply Pattern In Pakistan 
101
13.2
 Future Demand 
106
13.3
 Future Perspective 
106
  Bibliography
109
Acknoledgment
Preface
SEE ISLAMIC LINKS
WALL PAPERS

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